There are nineteen competitive ballroom dances, divided by nine American and ten International styles. The Rhythm and Smooth categories divide the American style, while Latin and Standard categories divide International.
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You can find information on variations between the International and American Styles, as well as the official syllabi, in USA Dance's DanceSport Rulebook.
Couples compete against others of similar skill level in the following levels:
The Newcomer through Gold levels are syllabus levels where figures are restricted to those officially designated. Higher levels (considered "Open") do not have syllabus restrictions.
For additional information on competition, the Columbia University Ballroom Dance Team provides a great resource: Ballroom Dance Competition Guide.
For even more information on competing (and dancing in general), Ballroom Guide has a ton of great resources as well!